The Overall Motives Of Banks Mergers And Acquisition - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 16 Words: 4871 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Chapter One 1.0 Introduction Over the years, the world have witnessed growth and development in the business world and will still record a lot more due to rapid technological growth in recent times. Merger and Acquisitions (MA) has contributed immensely to the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economic development and also helped indirectly to create stability in some industries in both developing and developed nations. A merger is usually the amalgamation of two or more companies running commercial activities. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Overall Motives Of Banks Mergers And Acquisition" essay for you Create order On the other hand, acquisition is where one company takes over another and the identity of the other company can be eradicated as it becomes part of a larger company. Most MAs between companies have occurred as a result of achieving economies of scale and penetrate into new markets. Many bank employees regard MA as a threat to their jobs as the period will record shareholders demand for reduction of workforce. It will also be problematic to execute Human resource management with, and the environment of MA due to the changes that will be recorded in the procedures and practices in the new company. The vast majority of mergers acquisitions research is correctional and focuses on publicly traded corporate entities, using quantitative secondary data made available by large number of databases (Meglio and Risberg, 2010). Background to the Study A significant change has been witnessed in the Nigerian banking sector over the years, in respect to ownership structure, number of institutions and locations, as well as the profundity of operations. There are some numbers of effects when companies merge or when one company acquires another company (Cigola and Modesti, 2008). This include reduced expense in production and management cost, deriving It was observed that downsizing, mergers, and acquisitions are examples of the radical organizational responses to increase global completion, improvements in technology, and government deregulation (Shook and Roth, 2010). The changes so far recorded have been predisposed mostly by the challenges posed by issues as globalization, deregulation of the financial sector, and the implementation of a decision making and prudential requirements that are in line with international standards. This is why some companies may deliberately choose to merge with any other readily available in its line of business. The benefits in most cases are much more than the losses if any is recorded. Mergers have also had effects on employees as the process usually leads to an upward or downward review of wages and salaries. There are also cases where the MA leads to downsizing of workforce as new technological operation techniques will be adopted and there will be less needed for human resource compared to the former way of operation. Bank Mergers and Acquisition A significant amount of research has been done to ascertain the success rate of MAs in banks to be able to draw conclusion on its profitability and efficiency (Behr and Heid, 2011). It was pointed out that despite the considerable prospective U.S banking mergers in the 1980s; many of them were not successful in achieving their aim due to the cost of efficiency. Banks have diverse reasons why they merge which relates to the business motives behind it such as managerial incentives (Wood, 2006). The banking industry was partly strengthened through MA as they use the merged assets to build a strong capital base for the bank and more assets that have appreciated value. Soludo (2004) enumerated the fundamental problems of the banks, particularly those classified as unsound, have been identified to include; persistent illiquidity, poor assets quality and unprofitable operations and further mentioned that their major problems also included weak governance , weak capital base, late publicat ions of annual reports, gross insider abuses and over dependence on public sector deposits. Many literatures indicates that banking sector reforms in Nigeria propelled by the need to deepen the financial sector and reposition for growth, to become integrated into the global financial design; and involve a banking sector that is consulting with regional integration requirement and international best practices (Somoye, 2010). Nigerian Banking Industry In the recent past, Nigerian banks have adopted poles apart strategies to achieve a predetermined least amount capital base during the banking sector consolidation in the year 2004 and 2005 which was put at twenty five billion Naira (Alao, 2010). This process saw a lot of banks in Nigeria to source for funds from all forms of businesses to meet up the demand and at a point, it was observed mergers or acquisition of smaller banks was the only way out of the regulation. MAs is a global phenomenon with an estimated four thousand deals taking place each year. Elumilade (2010) mentioned that banks are the linchpin of the economy of any country. He mentioned that banks in any every country play a vital position in respect to the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial system and they could be regarded as vital agents for development process. Banks also are relevant through financial intermediation services and promote economic growth (Afolabi, 2004). According to Ibru (2006), there was a n embryonic phase of the Nigerian banking industry which began with the first set of banks started with the African banking corporation which had its headquarter in south Africa and was pioneering by the Nigerian banking system in 1892. In 1894 the British bank for West Africa which now known as the first bank while union bank of Nigeria plc formerly known as the Barclays D.C.O started in 1925. The British and French bank now united bank for Africa was established in 1949. Many other indigenous banks were established and they ushered in the era that saw the constant monopoly erstwhile enjoyed by the foreign owned banks (CBN, 2008) Central Bank of Nigeria and Market Recapitalization The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) in 2004 introduced a policy that made it mandatory for recapitalization to be carried out in the banking industry. This was mentioned as the fourth phase of the banks restructuring scheme and all banks should comply strictly before the end of 2005 (Afolabi, 2004). This led the emergence of twenty five consolidated banks and the process encouraged mergers and acquisition in many cases. They were 89 members of the Nigerian banking industry (NBI) prior to the recapitalization. It was recorded that the CBN in 2009 provided two hundred billion Naira to four undercapitalized banks after an audit was carried out which reported that they could face liquidity problems and needed funds to continue normal operations. In addition, the CBN decided to stabilize the system and return confidence to the markets and investors, an addition injection of six hundred and twenty billion naira of liquidity into the banking sector and there is a replacement of leadership i n eight banks which has given sector a little more balanced than its formal position (Sanusi, 2010). Relevance of the Research After the bank consolidation in 2005, it was mentioned in a CBN report that UBA Plc and First Bank of Nigeria have been effectively competing with multinationals in various aspects of international business. CBN Report (2007) also revealed that some Nigerian banks after the consolidation were able to register their presence in the developed countries like United States of America and United Kingdom as participate in foreign market areas of funds transfer and loans servicing. Mergers and acquisitions have for long attracted interest of many researchers in academics in trying to predict the outcomes of the deals (Meglio and Risberg, 2010). They further explained that the inconsistency in some research findings has necessitated the need for more integrative frameworks to grasp the complete phenomenon. Also, the researchersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ opinion aiming to explain mergers and acquisition outcomes in general have not been able to successfully develop and test a grand theory about MAs . Aim of the Study This research aims to look into the overall motives of banks mergers and acquisition as well as its impact on the Nigerian economy. Research Questions and Objectives Research Questions What are the implications of bank mergers and acquisition? What are the motives behind bank merger and acquisition? How does merger and acquisition impact on efficiency? How can merger and acquisition effect competition in the Nigerian banking sector? Research Objectives To critically evaluate mergers and acquisition in the banking sector To analyse the impact of merger and acquisition in the Nigerian banking sector To evaluate the success of UBA merger and acquisition To identify the success factors of UBA in Nigeria Banking sector Plan of the study The plan of this work has been structured to begin by providing a background of the area under discussion and justifying the need for the study in the first chapter. This would be immediate followed by review of literatures relating to similar issues and traditional views of mergers and acquisition in chapter two. The research method which will highlight how I intend to gather data will be presented in the third chapter. The data analysis and findings will be presented and discussed in chapters four which will be followed by the summary, conclusion and recommendation in chapter five. Summary This chapter gives an insight into the subject matter by examining the different related aspects of the subject that will contribute to the major focus of the other chapters. It is a known fact that MA has positive and negative impacts in any sector or environment where it has occurred and this will give us the opportunity to draw the impact of competition that will bring in the absence of a monopoly situation. Chapter Two Literature Review Recent studies show that the bank recapitalization process that took place in Nigeria in 2005 has been of great importance to the sector. Merger and acquisition across the world have had positive impact in the strength of the firm in most cases. The banking sector in Nigeria across the world has had course to experience MA in some cases and this helped them in restricting in various forms. The UBA merger with STB was a success as the experience of the first generation bank and agility of a new generation bank was put together to produce a stronger UBA Plc. History of Mergers and Acquisitions MA history time and again have surprises many people when they realise that the concept of MA are not new, and on the converse they are progressing from the early years. It helps us to understand the evolution of the concepts in the world. The economic watch (2011) mentioned that there are five major stages of MA which discussed as wave period. Each of these waves recorded its progress associated with it and has a technological support that gave rise to the era. Past experience has also shown that MA are triggered by economic factors. The period between (1897 1904) saw a lot of horizontal mergers as companies which enjoyed monopolistic competition over their area of production such as electricity and transcontinental railroads merging with others in same area. It mainly occurred between heavy manufacturing industries at that time. A lot of mergers failed towards the end of this phase as they could not get the desired efficiency and the state of world economy as at 1903 as well as the stock market crash on 1904 did not help matters. Chu (2010) reflected to the mergers in Canadian banks in 1889 to 1926 which could be referred to as both the first and second wave period. He explained that economist has not fully explored the mechanisms through which financial developments affects economic growths. Canadaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s growth trough MA under the period was under study was also associated with higher banking concentration and a wider branch network. Kling (2006) also agreed that the German universal system emerged around 1914 as the big banks in Berlin acquired smaller banks. This development supported industrial enterprise and external growth through industrial enterprise. The second wave or MA was recorded between 1916 and 1929 which were more between oligopolies as that of monopolies in the first era. The post world war economic boom after the First World War supported these mergers. Also, government policies as at that time started to encouraged compa nies to work together and technological innovation in areas of transportation provided the needed for such MA. Most of the mergers at this time were mainly horizontal or conglomerate in nature. Producers of key metals, petroleum products, food products, chemicals and transport equipments were mainly involved in the mergers of this period. Investment also supported very in merger as at the period but the great depression of 1929 and the stock market crash in same year brought period to an end. There were mainly conglomerate mergers as at 1965 to 1969 which was stimulated by sky-scraping stock prices, interest rates, and stringent enforcement of antitrust law in the third wave merger. This period did not end well as government were becoming too harsh towards them end of the period but a few companies did well in the 1970s. The fourth merger wave was within 1981 to 1989 recorded mergers in some industries such as airline, banking, oil and gas and pharmaceutical. There many cases of foreign takeovers and the period ended with anti takeover laws, reforms in financial institution and the gulf war. Kim and white (1998) analyzed almost all commercial banks mergers in the united states between 1985 and 1991, and found out evidence of decreasing cost efficiencies in most mergers, except for mergers between very large financial institutions. The small and medium commercial banks decreased efficiencies after merger. Globalization, stock market boom and deregulation in the telecommunication, banking and petroleum industries were major characteristics of the fifth merger. Most of the mergers at this time were geared towards profit maximization but the burst of the stock bubble also ended this era. Huyghebaert and Luypaert (2009) states that in the year 2007 alone, there almost forty thousand deals announced in respect mergers and acquisitions across the world. This accounted for an aggregate value deal value of one thousand, three hundred and forty-five billion dollar s. Ernst and Young (1995) also identified the alternatives of acquisition: financial, geographic, and symbiotic and absorption acquisitions. In the case of financial is where a company is bought into a holding company for the purpose of restructuring. The main objectives for the acquisition are mainly to eradication, reduce cost and improved efficiency. There are so many firms with ideas to change the world of business but lack the financial muscle to improve in research and development and or invest more into the existing findings. Any business speculator that gets hold of this will ensure that these ideas see the light of the day by an outright acquisition so as to finance the company for growth. Geographic acquisitions are intended to expand the acquirerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s core business across new frontiers. The term emerging markets rings a bell in business as every investor want to sell products and services where there is a ready market with a thriving huge population. In t he recent years, most businesses have moved their production sites to Asia where there cheap labour and n emerging market for the product. Some parts of Africa where there reasonable levels of stability have also seen to be good to expand into as a new frontier. The sales of mobile phone handsets the Nigerian market could be seen as a good example a new frontier for Chinese or Japanese phone manufacturers. Companies merge with others in a different location just to get access to the new location as well. Symbolic acquisitions are described as where newly acquired products and competencies are absorbed into the parents business but the acquired company retains a level of independence, absorption acquisition imply that the two businesses are fully integrated, with one effectively loosing identity. This is an effective business strategy as the name of the former company is like an asset and most customers may not continue with the product or services if the name is changed. The case of Tata acquiring land rover in 2009 is a suitable case where the name Tata is known for production of trucks and military vehicles, but land rover is known for luxury cars and as such the change of the name perceived with strength should remain to keep the market moving smooth. The case of absorption acquisition as mentioned before where one companies gradually losses identity could be seen in the case if Safeway supermarket and Morrisonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s supermarket where Safeway gradually faded away. Chen and Tan (2011) examined how the deregulation of financial services industry has intensified in some European countries a significant portion of business handled by banks. This is because the deregulated banks have more financial capacity to manage and finance businesses with a confidence of measuring up at the end of the day. There were two hundred and thirteen mergers during 1989 to 2004 with the acquirer of a European bank and the target of an insurance company. This was because the growth and success rate of mergers was lucidly clear to business world at time, in that firms were on the lookout for a similar thriving company that they could merge resource and ideas together to achieve economies of scale and reduced overhead cost. Koetter (2007) was of the view that prior to the merger targets perform poorly compared to acquirers in many merger cases. The increasing efficiency of a firm reduces the hazards of takeovers but increases the risk if bank failures. Therefore, the probability of takeovers and failures is influence significantly by efficiency. Imala (2005) identified eight reasons for merger and acquisitions in the financial service sector. The identified reason are in relation cost savings attributed to economies of scale as well as more efficient allocation of resources; revenue enhancement which is derived from the impact of consolidation on bank size, scope, and overall market power; risk reduction due to change in organisational f ocus and efficient organizational structure; new development which imposes a high fixed cost and need to spread these costs across a large customer base; the advent of deregulation which removed many important legal and regulatory barriers; globalisation which engender a more globally integrated financial service and geographical expansion of banking operations; financial stability characterised by the smooth functioning of various components of the financial system, with each component resilient to shock; shareholders pressure on management to improve profit margins and returns on investment made possibly by new and powerful shareholders blocks. Nigerian Banking Environment According to Adegbaju (2007), there have been remarkable developments in the Nigerian banking sector over the years. Mergers and acquisition in Nigerian banks to took place in 2004 / 2005 commenced after an announcement by the CBN that all commercial banks in Nigeria should upgrade their minimum capital base too twenty five billion Naira before the end of December 2005. Umoren, (2009) examined the benefits of the fortification and consolidation of the Nigerian banking system as it could be seen as the first phase where by such reforms are made to help to guarantee a well built and reliable banking sector that is also considered to be diversified to ensure depositors safety. The role of money in the development of any nation cannot be over emphasized and the Nigerian economy needs to be capable and competitive in the African continent particular as well as the world in general. Madabueze (2008) mentioned that the recent reforms in Nigeria banking sector which required the b anks to source for high capital base to the tune of twenty five billion naira which is put at approximately one hundred and ninety million dollars, recorded a sharp drop down of the number of banks from eighty-nine to less than twenty-four currently in operation. He further argued that this will enable the Nigerian banks to become relevant and active players in the international scene, helping the image of Nigeria as a financial capital of some sort of (china of Africa). The Nigerian economic policy was regarded as an economically fragile policy some decades before then but the recapitalization process has enable two recent developments which is a positive message to the international community. The CBN governor at that time, prof. Charles Soludo explained that before the recapitalization commenced, the Nigerian banks have not played their role in economic development because of their feeble and frail capital base and as such, there was a great need to strengthen them through the co nsolidation process. Madabueze (2007) opined that the crusade requesting the CBN to be flexible with their position of recapitalization did not involve bankers alone as members of the national assembly in Nigeria also requested the CBN to reverse its decision of recapitalization to the amount twenty five billion naira. Is was further observed as he mentioned that members of the public were completely against the move as they felt the process will worsen the situation and many of them started making panic withdrawals from their accounts. On the other hand, the CBN also had its fair supporters which included the former president of the federal republic of Nigeria, Olusegun Obasanjo who publicly showed his support for the twenty five billion capital base for banks, the Manufacturers association of Nigeria (MAN) who were completely in support of the policy claiming that it will enlarge the national economic base and help to position the real sector. Ogundele (2008) agreed that mer gers are essentially the amalgamation of two or more companies that of all or the parties must be in existence legally and the surviving company continues to function in its originally registered name. In some case, merged companies find themselves out of business and leave its assets and liabilities to the acquiring company. Williams and Rao (2006) focus on mergers and acquisition because they are events that correspond to considerable changes in the asset structure of the bank. Commercial bank faces different risk, capital structure and regulatory environments as against firms that have been traditionally studied for governance effects and managerial risk aversion. Owokalade (2006) observed the definition of mergers as posited by the company and allied matters act decree of 1990 that any amalgamation of the undertakings of two or more companies or the undertaking of two or more companies and one or more bodies corporate. He emphasized that a form of dealings combination whereby two or more companies join collectively to become one; being voluntary liquidated by having it interest taken by the other and its shareholders becoming shareholders in the blown up existing company. Kurfi (2010) is of the view that mergers as a principle of the combination of two or more companies that translate same business purposes and agree to come together and decide whichever the given name of one of the companies or absolutely take a new name. He further mentioned that amalgamation is another word for merger. Mergers usually occur between firms of almost same size and are usually friendly. In the case of Stanbic bank and IBTC bank, they arrive at a name StanbicIBTC bank plc after their merger and the resultant name was due to the friendship earlier involved and almost same size of the banks. Kazmi (2006) grouped merger into four: horizontal, vertical concentric and conglomerate mergers. Further explanation revealed that horizontal mergers takes place where there is a combination of two or more firms in the same business, or an organisation engaged in certain aspects of the production and marketing process. When there is a merger of two or more firms but necessary in the same business which might be complementary in supply of materials or marketing is referred to as a vertical merger. The concentric merger takes place when there is a combination of two or more firms related to each other in line of function, customer group or alternative technologies used. Conglomerate merger occurs when there is a combination of two or more firms that are unrelated in customer function, customer group, and alternative technologies. There are situations where a company gets involved in all the above listed forms of mergers. For example, HP a computer and printers giant has merged with Compaq recently and before then acquire Apollo computers which related, acquired Agilent technologies which were into chemicals and medical business, acquired Mercury Interactive wh ich was a software company. The UBA Merger Mergers and acquisition is simply a different approach encourage survival of the fittest is to give rise to a stronger, more efficient, better structure and skilled industry. The Guardian Newspaper reported in 2005 the UBA merger started with separate meetings where that boards of directors of UBA and Standard Trust Bank Plc accepted the arrangement for a union of both financial institutions. The bank aimed to become the biggest bank in West African and one of the largest in Africa. When they considered the assets of both banks before the merger, it was observed that had a formidable asset base after accessing their portfolios at that time and when is been concretised, they could customers from all sectors of the economy. It has over 100 branches spread out strategically across the country in what is described as the largest truly online real-time banking network in sub-Saharan Africa. It is often referred to as Nigerias neighbourhood bank. This derives from its national orienta tion in terms of geographic spread and continuing national expansion. Wheelen and Hunger (2008) confirmed that UBA the former Trade bank and Citi express bank because the firms were different in sizes and as such they can either be friendly or hostile. Todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s UBA is a merger between two predecessors banks, legacy UBA and Standard Trust Bank (STB) which were ranked third and fifth in size respectively prior to the 2005 CBN reform and consolidation programme. It was a huge success as the ability to anticipate industry trends, coupled with the banks agility, enabled them to be the first successful merger in the history of Nigerian banking industry, thus creating the current UBA plc which its management rates as the largest financial services institution on West Africa. As the economies of Nigeria and Africa continues to improve, following the established path of the emerging market; i.e. increased political stability, improved government finances, growing dom estic consumer demand, high commodity prices and significant improvement in the economic indicators, the UBA is well positioned as a warrant on the African renaissance story. The presence of UBA in all commercial centres and major cities in Nigeria and Ghana has earned the bank the nickname: the neighbourhood bank. This appellation ties in with the UBA brand promise. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The wise choiceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and guides our retail distribution strategy which enable us to deliver exactly should be expected by both potential and existing customers of the bank in respect to proximity, choice, convenience and customization. UBA is a bank that is operating out of two of the most vibrant economies in the sub region; Nigeria and Ghana, the new |UBA combines the financial strength of fifty-seven year UBA and the young , innovative and technology driven dynamism of the then STB. UBA has maintained a consistent and solid financial performance in its forty-five year history since it beg an business in 1961. The bank has record history of leading and pioneering innovations in Nigerian financial sector. It is the first ever and only Nigerian bank to surpass the one trillion balance sheet size with contingents inclusive. It is the only sub-Saharan African bank excluding republic of South Africa that has a branch in New York, USA. UBA was ranked the number one bank in Nigeria in 2007, and bank of the year award (Thisday, 2007). This was due to the banks outstanding performance in the banking sector. Euromoney (2000) confirmed that UBA was the best domestic bank in Nigeria and was the first among international banks to be registered under Nigerian law. The bank has received excellence credit ratings both short and long term, global credit rating (SA) AA+ and A+ in 2005.UBA is the first Nigerian bank to offer an IPO following its listing on the Nigerian stock exchange in 1970. UBA was the first Nigerian bank to introduce a Cheque Guarantee Scheme known as the UBACA RD in 1986. It was the first bank to introduce the Nigerian Government Bond index in 2006. It was also the only Nigerian company with the GDR programme. The GDR is a negotiable certificate representing ownership of shares. They are quoted and traded in US dollars and the dividends are paid in same currency. It is specially designed to facilitate the purchase, holding and sale of non US securities by foreign investor. This GDR programme enables foreign institutional investors to hold and trade UBA shares without having to expatriate funds into Nigeria. This Depositary Receipt (GDR) is preferred by some investors who are unable to hold Nigerian securities for compliance reasons or due to a lack of the appropriate infrastructure for holding an ordinary share. The GDR also trade, clear and settle according to international market conventions rather than those prevalent in Nigeria (UBA Report, 2008) West Africa and indeed everywhere the bank has presence. It is simple, elegant, vib rant and memorable, combining the mustard seed of legacy STB and the typographic execution of the letters UBA, predominantly in red and white. During the period of the former standard trust bank plc (STB Plc) acquired 27.34% of the United Bank for Africa Plc (UBA plc) and this transaction resulted not a merger between the two banks, whereby all assets and liabilities of standard trust bank Plc were transferred to UBA Plc. The entire share capital of STB was cancelled and STB was dissolved without being wound up and the shareholders of STB were allotted UBA shares.

Lowering Legal Drinking Age Essay - 1417 Words

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Public policy Essay For some time the public as a whole has had a concern about mentally disabled adults living next door and within their community in neighboring homes. Many citizens have the attitude, not in my backyard NIMBY and are dealing with proximity issues. There are a high number of mentally disabled adults across the nation and the amount of people living within designated houses and institutions increase yearly. The large baby boom generation includes a relatively high number of the mentally retarded and developmentally disabled. Social Scientist and other researchers say a large quantity of the population is unprepared for the rising number of mentally challenged individuals entering society. Many housing developments are ill prepared to house the growing population of the mentally disabled adults therefore creating more homes with within the community to solve the problem. More than fifty four million Americans have a mental disorder in any given year, although fewer than eight million seek treatment NMHA Resource Center, 1. Already the system is showing signs of strain; waiting lists have developed in many states and total 70,000 to 80,000 cases nationwide. Long lists and delayed placements have led to class action lawsuits against many states. The lack of sufficient housing and aid for the mentally challenged has led to an increasing amount of problems within society. While Gambs family struggled to place their child into a treatment center their son, Roger Gambs, stole two of his fatherquot;s guns, only to protect himself from the blood-sucking vampires he believed existed in his backyard. After this he was then eligible for a placement into a community residents home Parker, 1A. In 1987 a mentally retarded man, Ernest McCarver, was convicted of robbing and murdering a fellow cafeteria worker Low IQ Killers, 1A. Of the thirty-eight states with the death penalty, thirteen forbid the execution of the mentally retarded Biskupic, 4A. Cases such as this occur and then lead to the need for homes or Community Residents to supervise and care for these individuals. From these cases, many citizens have now developed a sense of fear living close to them, another words it is a proximity issue. The manager at the DePual Community Residents across New York and Pennsylvania for mentally disabled adults, said the key to making the housing complexes successful is reducing the fear the public has towards the residents by educating them on what consists of these homes and what the circumstances are within the home Conner. As the need for additional care facilities increases, more houses and institutions are placed within the community. For decades nearly 800f individuals have been cared for at home, but as most of these baby boomers hit fifty-five, many of their parents are reaching a point where they are no longer able to care for them Savoye, 1. Of the 1. 9 million developmentally disabled individuals living with family caregivers, nearly 500,000 are 60 or older and are expected within a few years will need new living arrangements with certified supervision Savoye, 1. 300f all the population will become mentally challenged at one point in their lifetime Lyness, 3C. They can develop anything from a mild case of depression to schizophrenia. Community residents or group homes throughout Rochester, NY are now being used to accommodate mentally disabled adults. The Easter Seal Society of Monroe County and Regional Center for Independent Living both provide Assistive Tech/Equipment, Community Education, Legal Advocacy, and Case Management. Also Compeer is a supportive friendship for the mentally disabled adults between volunteers and people receiving mental health services. The DePaul Community Residents is a home providing care for mentally disabled adults within the Spencerport community along with several other communities. Funds from the Department of Housing and Urban Development help provide permanent housing options to consumers of the mentally disabled community. This community provides a program called Continuing Day Treatment Program. This program has mental health services which assists adults recovering from a chronic illness. It was designed to hold private treatment and rehabilitation within the proper therapeutic surroundings. Some other services may include 3 nutritional meals a day, emergency call system for 911 purposes, housekeeping laundry, hygiene assistance, and case management services. Within these homes Supported Housing and MICA work with one another to locate and secure the home. Other funds from the department was support on purchasing furniture/household items and accommodate a support plan. This is all provided in Monroe and Erie County. Within these community residents, DePaul provides transportation fro consumers to many appointments and programs they might need to attend to wish too. They have 60-van fleet that provided transportation for almost 75,00 trips in any given year. DePaul gives transportation in ten different counties and 2 states. They have a total of 4,500 clients annually and use over 2,000 beds to accommodate residents. This community residents also provides over 900 jobs, so therequot;re obvious benefits for both players. An example of what the state is looking to do within the next couple years, to accommodate the growing number of mentally disabled adults. As the cost of hospitalization increases the appeal of the house keeps increasing and homes just like it are going up throughout not only Rochester but also the entire nation. The cost of living in a monitored home like DePaul is less than half of that of living in a hospital. The house has been around for over eighteen years while the governing agency has been around ever since the late 60quot;s. Roughly, one hundred people have gone through the house since its induction in Spencerport, but because of the issue of confidentiality the actual number cannot be determined. People entering into the home come from a variety of different back rounds with assorted types of illnesses ranging from agequot;s eighteen years old and up. To be accepted into the home a resident must have an access 1 diagnosis. This diagnosis comes with a major mental illness that has existed for over six months. The process of evaluating a patient comes from diagnostic criteria written to accommodate the entire nation called the DSM-IV. Each resident must also undergo a yearly or bi-yearly check up with a psychiatrist who assesses each residentquot;s situation individually. They must also fit a designated criterion, which includes possession of insurance, no past history of violence within the past 6 months, and under the care of a psychiatrist or therapist. At this house the caretakers retrain peoplequot;s responses to whatquot;s going on in the outside world. Life changing experience EssayTo implement this we must first get a written statement signed by Art Conner that says that he will run the forum and speak to the community Appendix _. Second we must obtain a location for the forum. According to Art, he feels for proper attendance it would be best to hold it in the school cafeteria at Spencerport High School. In order to hold the forum at school we then filled out a building release form, which then was signed by the principle. Along with this comes contacting the neighbors and advertising the forum to the public. To advertise this event we will send out flyers to the surrounding neighbors of the home, leave stacks of their flyers inside IGA within a drop box, and put an ad in the Suburban News advertising this event. On both the handouts and in the ad there will be a number to call for the community if they would like to attend, allowing Mr. Connor to prepare for the event. Lastly, we would have to set up a meeting time and come up with an agenda for the meeting so that everything was organized. We then set up the date with Art, and we agreed that it would be held on June 25, 2002 at 7:00 p. . To do this we would need permission from the stores to put the pamphlets in them and a set criterion for the pamphlet itself. By putting all these plans into action we will be able to accomplish our goal of educating the public. From the beginning Art Conner said, The biggest problem with our community is the lack of education. With our policy people will be able to become as educated, as they want to be with different levels of commitment as small as reading a pamphlet and as involved as attending a forum that may become a biyearly event. The key players involved in our policy are mainly Art Conner and his staff, but also included is the IGA in Spencerport, the participatory citizens, and the Suburban News for the advertisement to promote the awareness for the mentally disabled adults within Spencerport. The public will become aware of our policy through the advertisement in the Suburban News and we will be passing out a pamphlet made with the help of Art Connor. Through our policy we need to convince the public that our policy can work and stay put into place. We want to have our meetings held quarterly to keep the public informed on mentally disabled adults and what is going on monthly at the DePaul home to a certain extent, to keep the public communication between the home and the public close. It is important to attract surrounding neighbors to participate in our community forum biyearly and Service Line, to accommodate a comfort level for neighbors and acceptance for the DePaul Community Residents into the community. After all the necessary steps are taken to make the public aware of the event we would need to devise a curriculum to make the forum both interesting and educational. To truly make an impact on the people that come to the forum we would talk to the DePaul Community Residents and discuss the main issues that we would like the public to be most aware of. We will then come up with an interesting way to present the information to the people attending the forum. By developing a good curriculum for our policy the agency and the people involved would benefit. The Community Residents would make their point known to the people and be confident that the people went away with the knowledge they taught and the people attending would feel as if theyquot;ve done something to benefit someone. Some people may not support our policy because of the amount of time that may be put into it to attend the community forum, but to counter this our pamphlet will be available so that people who do not have the time to attend a forum will be able to get some of the same information and a number to call with any questions. To make sure our policy would be beneficial we surveyed neighboring residents and people throughout the community to get their take on the mentally disabled adult home and their opinions on how we could improve the situation. Appendix A Budget Income: The DePaul Institute Expenses: Pamphlets 200 x $. 11 = 2. 00 Kinkos Speaker sh. 00 DePaul Meeting room sh. 00 Spencerport H. S. Advertisement 3. 60 Suburban News TOTAL 5. 60 Opportunity Costs: The people making the pamphlets and distributing them in the community could be doing other things with their time. Our speaker could be working more with their job then taking time to speak at the forum for us. The meeting room within Spencerport High School could be used for another event. The preparation for the room takes time away from others that could have been pre-occupied with other work. Many citizens can be caring out daily routines or activities in which they would normally take place, rather than attending this meeting. Also the money that is put towards our event and pamphlets can be used to better the home in any way. 5 Year Budget Our 5-year cost would come to 10. 40 or 5. 60 for the first and 2. 00 for the following years to continue advertising a forum through our pamphlets. The price will remain consent unless the copy rate per page changes. Appendix B Copy/ Benefit Analysis Costs: 5. 60 See Appendix A Benefits: This forum will educate the community as a whole on mentally disabled adults. Also public awareness will be created throughout the Village of Spencerport so that the DePaul Community Residents can feel a sense a comfort and fit in better without being discriminated against. Through our Service Line the community and DePaul can establish communication and voice their opinions and concerns. This will be a great help when a citizen is doubted by actions of a resident but is not in need of the police. Analysis: For the cost of 5. 60, our forum and Service Line will leave a small debt in DePaulquot;s budget but will benefit all players.

Measurement Tools for Research

Question: Describe about the Measurement Tools for Research ? Answer: The instruments used by the practitioners and researchers to help in the evaluation of the patients, clients or subjects and also in the assessment. The tools are used to do the measurements or to collect data on the varieties of the variables which are ranging from the physical functioning. Some of the measurements tools include surveys, interviews, indexes and the informal observations. Research types of questions are usually used for seeking either the countable values or the uncountable values. The countable values are analyzed in the terms of numerical values and on the other hand the uncountable values are analyzed by using the qualitative values. (Scalable Parallel Performance Measurement and Analysis Tools State-of-the-Art and Future Challenges, 2014) There are two types of values which are collected in research. They are the qualitative values and the quantitative values. Following the each research question, anyone can assume the types of the research and also the evaluation of the tools which are most suitable as desired in doing the research practices. 1. Which brands of the bear are consumed and also by how many individuals? In this question it is in search of the qualities of the bear that is consumed by the individuals. The second through the research questions are looking for the numeric based data of the consumer who consume the each brand. The research has the two types of the evaluations. In doing the first evaluation it will apply the methods of the differentiating brands either using the experiments or using the lab test. In the second aspects of the data for doing the research is the numbers of the consumer who consume the each brand. This type of data is quantitative in nature. It will also involve the calculation of the recognized users for the each brand. It therefore makes the research one by using the two different types of the measuring tools of the research. 2. With the three different types of the exams- essay type, multiple choice and the mix of the both which one is most preferred by the students? The research questions are used for in search of the preference in the target group. The chosen type of the exam answers condition method in the search of the judgment. Through this study it is seeking the desired choice and the most valued for answering the exam question. This research is non-empirical and also is open to the responses which are given by the correspondence. On the other hand, all the replies are grouped into any of the three types of the answers which are collected from the target group. The liking is then calculated as the percentages of the whole group which are targeted to do the analysis. Through the questionnaire it offers the close-ended questions which are used for inquiring the preference of the person and also is utilized to gather the information (Bowman, 2014). 3. Up to what amount do the individuals agree with the definition of accounting principles? In this research question it inquires about the values that is the individuals place on the basis of the accounting principles. This type of the research will contains the values which are using the agreement levels of the strong agreement, agreement, disagreement, strong disagreement and the not sure qualitative levels. This question seeks for the level of the appreciation or the quality on the basis of the accounting principles definition. 4. How many people like the existing organizational policy? In this research question it seeks the values which are placed on the organizational policies. In this similar manner in the question number 3, the researcher requires to apply the values of the distinguished levels which are ranging from the strong agreement to the strong disagreement. Then the preference is realized by using the highest percentiles which are indicating in the majorities observe on the basis of the organizational policy. 5. The age varies of the employees in the organization. In doing the collection of the figures of the employees within the organization the two approaches are used. In doing the direct questioning of the employees age by using the questionnaires can be used or by the collection of the raw data from the human resource department and then the values are placed into the categories or the classes. 6. What are the numbers of the employees in each of the 20 department of the company? Through this kind of research it seeks the numerical values and also from the human resource department. This is one of the indirect research and the more of the data analysis procedures. The analysis of the values uses the specific numerical figures for the each of the departments. References: Bowman, J. (2014). Data, analysis, action!. Research World, 2014(46), pp.22-26. Scalable Parallel Performance Measurement and Analysis Tools State-of-the-Art and Future Challenges. (2014). SuperFRI, 1(2).